Tibetan woodblock printing has played an important

Tibetan block printing has played an important role in the spread of Buddhism.

block printing is an important part of Tibetan culture and has played a very important role in the spread of Buddhism. Tibetan engraving technology began before the 8th century. In the ancient Tibetan documents of Tubo unearthed in Dunhuang, people found documents with seals with flying dove patterns and winged lion patterns. These seals are the rudiments of Tibetan block printing

the most well-known Tibetan Tripitaka printing plate is the Ming Dynasty "Yongle Tripitaka". In 1409 and 1414, Sakyamuni, the special disciple of master Tsongkhapa, Daci Dharma king, also lost two fa-d=.......................................... formula (7) times and was called to Beijing to be responsible for reviewing the complete set of copper engraving plates of the Tibetan Sutra ganjul engraved in Nanjing, namely the Yongle Sutra, which opened up a precedent for copper engraving in the history of Tibetan engraving and printing, and promoted the development of Tibetan Sutra engraving and printing technology

in 1727, it was funded and presided over by Qu jiedeng bazeren, the chieftain of dege, and the final judge was stu jigongle, the grand master. Taking Litang's ganjul as the mother, it was collated through various editions such as Chaba's ganjul and Gyangze's ganjul. 56 calligraphers were hired to standardize and unify the font on the basis of the original font for carving samples, and 600 highly skilled engravers were selected. After five years of efforts, The 108 letters were finally carved. The signal at this moment is the imitation of the printing plate of the signal Tibetan Sutra ganjul, which has become the most authoritative dege version of the Tibetan Tibetan Sutra ganjul today. After dengbazeren's death, his son laqinggegachilegacuo inherited his father's work and completed the engraving of 213 letters of ganjul in 1742

among many Scripture printing houses, dege Scripture printing house has the largest stock of printing plates, the most complete protection, and the best inheritance of engraving and printing technology. The contents of the printing plates of dege Sutra Printing Institute include linguistics, logic, history, medicine, technology, literature, astronomy, Buddhism, drama and the rituals of the major sects of Tibetan Buddhism, as well as the woodcut plates of Thangka paintings, zagali, stupa, Mandala, runlun and Longda painted by famous painters such as Zhiba puzeren, Zhenla jieying and Tang lazewang. In addition, there are precious documents such as the history of Buddhism in India, the history of Buddhism in the Central Plains and the history of Buddhism in the snow region, the eight thousand Ode to Prajna in Sanskrit, urdur and Tibetan, and the black, white and flower Dragon King Sutra of the early religion of bambo in Tibet. Dege Scripture printing house now has more than 300000 printing plates, containing Tibetan traditional skills such as paper making, writing, engraving, vermilion and ink processing, printing, binding and so on. It is a cultural relics management organization integrating cultural relics management, cultural protection and skill inheritance

Tibetan engraving technology has strict technical requirements in tool manufacturing, plate processing, text engraving, proofreading and engraving, and pattern engraving. The tools they use mainly include notch pick knife, flat knife, reverse chisel, flat chisel, large chisel and nail chisel. The wood engraving printing board should be made of red birch without knots, cracks, decay points, wood spins and hard texture. After it is cut and processed into inch boards in autumn, it should be roasted with low fire, and then retted with wet cow dung for several months when it is half dry. After boiling, drying, planing, pasting samples, engraving, proofreading, repairing and mothproofing, it can be preserved for hundreds of years without deformation and moth eaten. The best paper to paste the sample is the first-class thin Tibetan paper. The sample paper should be pasted correctly and stably, and the handwriting pattern should be clear. Engraved words should be in the order of big first and then small, deep first and then shallow, thick first and then fine. First, Chisel out large gaps with a shovel, and then dig deep with a pick knife. Before carving details such as hollow words and vowels, pour water into the slab. When the appearance is slightly dry, carve small parts, and finally repair them

the text plate shall be engraved and proofread at least four times. Each time the proofreading procedure has different names, the first proofreading must be read by one person and the printed text by one person, which is called proofreading, the second proofreading is called re proofreading, the third proofreading is called re proofreading, and the clear sample is called top decoration proofreading

a plate engraver should sit upright when carving a plate. Only when sitting upright can the carved words have the beauty of squareness. When carving the face, eyes and other parts of the Buddha, it is best to choose a quiet and well lit environment, so that the engraver can be calm, full of emotion and clear vision, so as to carve fine works

since the 7th century, Tibetan people have been adhering to the devout belief in Buddhism and the mission of inheriting skills for generations, constantly summarizing experience and inheriting skills, and writing an immortal chapter in the history of block printing

(author unit: Institute of nationalities, Southwest University for Nationalities)